Saturday, June 9, 2012

HBT: Lack of replay looms large in another no-no

Just like in Johan Santana?s no-hitter exactly a week ago, a close play that could have been overturned by replay loomed large in Seattle?s combined no-hitter against the Dodgers on Friday night.

Dee Gordon, maybe the National League?s fastest player, led off the bottom of the ninth with a broken-bat flare to shortstop against Tom Wilhelmsen. Brendan Ryan, just in the game as a defensive replacement, grabbed the ball and made a strong throw to first, getting the out call. Replay, however, showed that Gordon may have beaten the relay.

In this case, the evidence wasn?t so solid as last week?s fair-foul call on what should have been a Carlos Beltran double. The play at first base was so close there?s a good chance it wouldn?t have been overturned on whatever replay system baseball eventually implements. Still, it did look like Gordon was safe. Besides just disrupting the no-no, it was a huge call in what was just a 1-0 game at the time. It?s one of those calls MLB will someday need to make its best effort to get right, instead of just letting one man try to call it at real speed.

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Friday, June 8, 2012

Oil Price Tumbles Below $83 on Weak Economy

The price of oil fell below $83 Friday on the prospect of weak economic growth with no immediate assistance from the U.S Federal Reserve.

U.S. benchmark crude fell $1.93 to $82.89 per barrel in midday trading in New York. The last time oil closed below $83 was in early October of 2011. Brent crude, which is used to make gasoline in much of the U.S., fell 2 percent to $97.91.

Global economic growth is weakening. Europe remains mired in a debt crisis and growth in the U.S. and China has slowed. That reduces demand for oil to make fuels for shippers and travelers.

Oil prices had risen off recent lows on hopes that Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke would unveil a plan to stimulate the U.S. economy, which would lower the value of the dollar and provide investors with cheap money to buy oil and other assets.

But Bernanke told Congress Thursday that no plan was imminent. That sent the value of the dollar higher, making oil look more expensive to foreign buyers.

Without the prospect of cheap and abundant dollars, investors were left with simple choice: Whether to buy or sell oil based on world supply and demand. They sold.

Supply has risen faster than demand in recent months. Production in Libya, Iraq and the United States is growing. Saudi Arabia has been pumping more oil to offset supply loses from Iran, which is struggling to export crude under tightening Western sanctions. Meanwhile, global demand for oil is falling with slower economic activity.

Because of those trends, the price of oil has fallen 25 percent from a peak of $109.77 on February 24.

Addison Armstrong, an analyst at Tradition Energy, said that based on supply and demand, there was no reason for oil to cost as much as it did earlier this year. It is now near a price he considers "fair value."

The fall in oil has brought some relief to U.S. drivers. Retail gasoline prices have fallen steadily since their peak of $3.94 per gallon April 6. The national average fell half a penny to $3.555 Friday, according to the Oil Price Information Service, AAA, and Wright Express.

Oil prices have been pushed higher in recent years because of growing demand from China and other developing nations. But growth in China has been slowing sharply and investors expect the country will soon reveal that growth continued to slacken in May.

"Imports of crude (into China) have fallen, taking the steam out of world crude prices," said Judith Dwarkin, chief energy economist at ITG Investment Research.

China cut state-set gasoline and diesel prices for the second time in a month on Friday in an effort to reduce costs for drivers and shippers, and reverse a sharp slowdown in the world's second-largest economy.

Investors interpreted the government price cut as an indication that the slowdown in growth might be even more drastic than anticipated.

In other energy trading, natural gas futures rose 3 cents to $2.30 per thousand cubic feet. Heating oil fell 2 cents to $2.64 per gallon. Wholesale gasoline fell 4 cents to $2.64 per gallon.

? Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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Did You Know That You Can Hear the Big Bang Using Any Old Radio or TV? [Video]

Here's a really cool science factoid: if you turn any old radio or TV that is not tuned to any station, a percentage of that white noise you hear is the sound of the Big Bang, the moment of the creation of the Universe. More »


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Andy Staples: What if ... one play had altered the course of college football history?

If Chris Leak had gained one more yard and led Florida to victory against LSU in 2004, the course of college football history could have been substantially altered.

WireImage.com

One more yard could have changed everything.

Had Florida quarterback Chris Leak managed to scramble for three more feet on a third-and-six play late in the fourth quarter against LSU in 2004, the fate of some of college football's most storied programs would have changed dramatically. I thought of this play this week as I read Spencer Hall's SB Nation piece on the difference between being lucky and being good in college football. Sometimes, a weird bounce, a poor choice of running lane or an improper angle taken by a defender can change the course of a game, and, in turn, alter the destiny of multiple programs.

Because it's June -- and because I'm tired of writing about the latest playoff plan saber-rattling -- I decided to examine how Leak making that first down might have affected college football's timeline. This is a completely whimsical exercise, and those who despise whimsy probably should click away. Those who want to know how one first down in one game in 2004 could create an all-Big Ten BCS title game, a national title for Lane Kiffin, a bronze statue of Mike Shula and 16-team superconferences should keep reading.

We'll start on a sticky (82 percent humidity) October night in Gainesville in 2004...

Up 21-17, Florida is backed up near its goal line. Fans howl because the Gators have just called an unsuccessful pass when they need to run as much clock as possible. On third-and-six, Leak drops back to throw and finds no one open. He tucks and runs. In this timeline, LSU safety Jesse Daniels hesitates an extra beat. He doesn't tackle Leak until after Leak has passed the first-down marker. Instead of punting, Florida runs out the clock and improves its record to 5-1. Even though he won the national title the year before, LSU coach Nick Saban feels his seat warming as the Tigers drop to 3-3 and fall out of the Top 25.

Two weeks later, the Gators -- now ranked in the top 10 -- win at Mississippi State. Coack Ron Zook is not fired the following Monday. Florida's week of practice is not disrupted, and the Gators are not playing for a lame-duck staff. Florida beats Georgia for the seventh consecutive season despite the fact that Georgia has the superior team. Tennessee still wins the SEC East by virtue of its win against Florida in Knoxville, but Zook receives a raise and a contract extension.

Because Florida doesn't need a new coach, Notre Dame is the highest profile program looking to make a hire. The hottest name in coaching is Utah's Urban Meyer, who, lo and behold, has called Notre Dame his "dream job." Shortly after leading the Utes to an undefeated season and a Fiesta Bowl berth, Meyer accepts the Notre Dame job. Saban, sick of getting criticized in Baton Rouge less than a year after winning a national title, decamps for the Miami Dolphins just as he did in our timeline. LSU hires Oklahoma State's Les Miles to replace Saban.

Mike Gundy takes over at Oklahoma State and uses some of T. Boone Pickens' largesse to make Florida assistants Larry Fedora and Joe Wickline an offer they can't refuse. (This happened in our timeline, but Fedora and Wickline were headed to Illinois with Zook.) The men take the jobs. Near Jacksonville, star quarterback recruit Tim Tebow laments the departure of Fedora, his favorite coordinator. Tebow turns his attention to his other favorite coach. After leading Nease High to a state title in 2005, Tebow opts to play for that coach. In a December press conference at his school, Tebow announces his intention to play for Mike Shula at Alabama.

During spring practice in 2006, John Parker Wilson beats out Tebow for the starting job in Tuscaloosa, but Shula realizes he needs to get his star recruit on the field and creates a special package of plays for Tebow. This pays its first major dividend in the second overtime at Arkansas on Sept. 23, 2006. After Wilson finds Nick Walker for a one-yard touchdown pass, Shula leaves his offense on the field and sends Tebow in at quarterback. The Arkansas defense, expecting an extra point try because Alabama had the ball first in this period, isn't ready when Tebow comes barreling across the goal line. Before Daniel Moore can even fire up his brush to paint Tebow's Tumble, Tebow has also led the Crimson Tide to an upset win in Gainesville on Sept. 30.

The loss to Alabama sends what should have been Zook's best Florida team into a tailspin. It loses to LSU, Auburn and Georgia in consecutive games. After the loss to Georgia eliminates the Gators from the SEC East race, Florida athletic director Jeremy Foley fires Zook. The web page FireRonZook.com, dormant during Florida's 2005 SEC East title run, roars back to life to declare victory.

In South Bend, Meyer has finally made an uneasy peace with quarterback Brady Quinn. Early on, Quinn was a square peg in the round hole that was Meyer's spread option. After a 2005 loss to USC leaves Meyer in tears at his postgame press conference, Meyer tweaks the offense to better utilize Quinn's strengths. In February 2006, Meyer makes the most important addition to the offense when he signs a speedy receiver out of Virginia Beach, Va., named Percy Harvin. The Fighting Irish lose only to Michigan and USC in 2006 and reach a BCS bowl.

In the alternate timeline, Troy Smith and the 2006 Buckeyes would have faced a title game rematch with Michigan ... and lost.

Jeff Mills/Icon SMI

On Nov. 18, 2006, Ohio State and Michigan play a classic in Columbus that the Buckeyes win, 42-39. The drumbeat immediately begins for a rematch in the BCS title game in Glendale, Ariz. But there are other contenders, and the Wolverines will have to wait two weeks to learn whether they'll get another shot at the Buckeyes. USC enters its season finale at UCLA with only one loss. LSU enters the SEC title game against Tennessee with only one loss. At halftime in Atlanta, LSU fans gather below televisions mounted in the bathrooms at the Georgia Dome to watch the final seconds of UCLA's stunning upset of USC. Then they return to their seats to watch the Volunteers crush their national title dreams -- just as LSU crushed Tennessee's title hopes in the 2001 SEC title game.

Fans throughout most of the nation have complained for weeks that ESPN favors the Big Ten over the other conferences. Now those fans are aghast at the thought of a rematch in the BCS title game. Michigan got its chance, they scream. Let someone else have a shot. That someone else is Big East champ Louisville, which went 11-1 with a loss at Rutgers. "Sure, Michigan didn't win the Big Ten title, but let's look at which team had the better loss," Big Ten commissioner Jim Delany says on ESPN after championship Saturday has concluded. "Michigan's only loss is to No. 1 Ohio State. Louisville lost to Rutgers. I don't have a lot of regard for that team."

Human voters and computers agree with Delany, and Michigan is placed into the title game. For weeks, fans complain that the Big Ten runs college football. These complaints are loudest in SEC country. The Southerners take a small measure of pride when Tennessee whips Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl, but they claim en masse to be too disgusted with the process to watch the title game. Come Jan. 8, 2007, most of them watch anyway. The Wolverines hammer the Buckeyes in the rematch, and across the nation, pundits wonder aloud whether the Big Ten has grown too powerful. After the game, SEC commissioner Mike Slive releases an open letter to fans vowing to pursue a playoff that will provide a fair process for every conference.

Meanwhile, the SEC is still buzzing about Florida's hire. AD Foley considers Louisville's Bobby Petrino (Foley's actual second choice behind Meyer in 2004 in our timeline), but can't shake the feeling that Petrino has his eye on an NFL job. Foley offers the job to Boise State's Chris Petersen, who has just engineered a classic Fiesta Bowl upset of Oklahoma, but Petersen says no. Finally, on Jan. 4, 2007, the Gators call a press conference. Foley's hire?

Nick Saban.

Saban doesn't promise immediate results. He says something about "The Process." Gators fans, while excited, wonder if they should get their hopes up considering Saban went 1-4 against Florida while at LSU. Meanwhile, Zook has landed at Iowa State, where the Cyclones opted for head-coaching experience over the hot coordinator, Texas defensive guru Gene Chizik. In other coaching news, LSU's near-miss for the national title game convinces the administration to pay the staff handsomely. Given a fat raise, offensive coordinator Jimbo Fisher turns down the same position at Florida State. With the LSU job filled, offensive coordinator Gary Crowton remains at Oregon. Florida State coach Bobby Bowden, still needing a coordinator, opts for a relatively unknown New Hampshire assistant named Chip Kelly.

Things only get crazier during the 2007 season. Defending national champ Michigan nearly gets upended by Appalachian State in its opener, but the Wolverines remember that defending national champs don't lose to FCS teams. On Sept. 29, Oklahoma's raging quarterback controversy reaches its conclusion. With the Sooners on the ropes at Colorado, true freshman quarterback Cam Newton (remember, Meyer wasn't at Florida to recruit Newton) replaces redshirt freshman Sam Bradford and leads the Sooners to victory. The combination of a stifling defense and Newton at quarterback proves too much for everyone in the Big 12 except Texas Tech, which shocks Oklahoma in Lubbock.

During his first trip back to Baton Rouge as an opposing coach, Saban nearly gets brained by a beer bottle walking into Tiger Stadium. His Gators, still very early in The Process, get clobbered by the eventual SEC champs. Still, LSU's national title hopes are derailed by triple-overtime losses to Kentucky and Arkansas. After LSU exacts its revenge on Tennessee in the SEC title game, Miles announces he is leaving to replace Lloyd Carr at his alma mater, Michigan. Privately, Miles tells friends he has to make the move because a Big Ten team has a better chance of reaching the national title game than an SEC team. LSU replaces Miles with Petrino, who bolts on the Atlanta Falcons before completing his first season.

The Sooners crush Missouri in the Big 12 title game, and West Virginia's shocking loss to Pittsburgh in the Backyard Brawl locks in an Oklahoma-Ohio State matchup in the BCS title game in New Orleans. After the Pitt loss, West Virginia coach Rich Rodriguez leaves his home state to take over at Nebraska. The return of any kind of option football to Lincoln feels like a gift from the football gods. In January 2008, the Sooners edge the Buckeyes to give coach Bob Stoops his second national title.

A month later, celebrations ring out across Alabama as the Crimson Tide ink a monster recruiting class led by Foley, Ala., receiver Julio Jones. A caller to Paul Finebaum's radio show bursts into tears of joy. The feeling is shared across the state. After Tebow supplanted Wilson as the starter in 2007, the Crimson Tide offense improved, but it still needed something else. "Pawwwwwwwwwl," the caller sobs, "Timmy finally has somebody to throw to."

Our revisionist history sends Urban Meyer to "dream job" Notre Dame instead of Florida.

Lighthouse Imaging

The first major shock of the 2008 season comes in South Bend in Week 2 when Miles chews a long plug of Notre Dame Stadium grass and calls a fake field goal that lifts Michigan to a win over the Fighting Irish. The Michigan loss is the first of six on the season, and the Notre Dame faithful begin losing their patience with Meyer. While he has consistently brought in highly regarded recruiting classes, Meyer has only one BCS bowl appearance to show for it. After the regular season, Notre Dame officials decide to give Meyer one more chance to turn around the program.

Penn State's loss to Iowa and Ohio State's loss to Illinois keep the Big Ten from placing a team in the BCS title game for the third consecutive year. In Tennessee, the Volunteers go 5-7, but thanks to an SEC title in 2006 and an SEC East title in 2007, coach Phillip Fulmer's job is spared. Auburn's Tommy Tuberville is not so lucky. To replace Tuberville, Auburn athletic director Jay Jacobs hires Lane Kiffin, who has just been fired by the Oakland Raiders.

Meanwhile, in the Big 12 South, Oklahoma, Texas and Texas Tech stage a race for the ages as all three finish 11-1. Oklahoma wins the tiebreaker and advances to the BCS title game. There, it will face Alabama, which beat preseason No. 1 Georgia twice -- once in Athens and once in the SEC title game.

After Tebow and Newton finish No. 1 and No. 2, respectively, in Heisman Trophy balloting, the nation wants to see the matchup on the field to determine whether voters chose correctly. Alas, the dual-threat head-to-head never takes place. Newton is arrested in mid-December in connection with the theft of a laptop from an Oklahoma dorm. Stoops has no choice but to dismiss his star. Since Bradford transferred to Tulsa after the 2007 season, the Sooners have few options at quarterback. Stoops yanks the redshirt off Landry Jones, who gives a valiant effort but ultimately succumbs to Joe Kines' suffocating Alabama defense. Tebow, Jones and tailback Glen Coffee are too much for Oklahoma's defense, and the Tide claim their first national title since 1992. Alabama athletic director Mal Moore orders work begin immediately on a statue of Shula to be placed alongside the statues of Gene Stallings, Bear Bryant, Frank Thomas and Wallace Wade outside Bryant-Denny Stadium.

Shula and his staff are too busy celebrating the national title to notice that Kiffin has changed the recruiting dynamics in the Yellowhammer State. Shula holds on to quarterback AJ McCarron and offensive tackle D.J. Fluker, but Kiffin convinces cornerback Dre' Kirkpatrick and linebacker Nico Johnson to come to the Plains. Down the road in Tallahassee, the Signing Day party is in full swing as the Seminoles celebrate the signature of Deerfield Beach, Fla., quarterback Denard Robinson. Finally, offensive coordinator Kelly has the triggerman he needs to make his offense move at the speed of light. In Gainesville, Saban tents his fingers and smiles after landing Pensacola, Fla., tailback Trent Richardson. Between Richardson and Mark Ingram, the back Saban signed out of Michigan the previous year, the Gators might have the nation's best backfield in 2009.

The season begins with another Miles victory over Meyer, and Notre Dame fans begin begging for a change. After the Irish limp to the end of another 6-6 season, they get it. Meyer is fired in favor of Brian Kelly, who leads Cincinnati to a 12-0 record but leaves following a BCS controversy that I'll explain in a few paragraphs.

Saban's Signing Day suspicion is correct. Thanks to a ferocious defense and the one-two bludgeoning of Ingram and Richardson, the Gators roll to an SEC East title. Unfortunately for Saban, he can't win his own state title. With Robinson in control of Kelly's offense, FSU is unstoppable. The Seminoles edge the Gators in a thriller in The Swamp. The following week, they win their first ACC title since 2005.

But who will the undefeated Seminoles play? Kiffin's Tigers shock SEC West champ Alabama in late November, and the stunned Crimson Tide lose to Saban's Gators in Tebow's final SEC game. The odds-on favorite to make the title game is Texas, but the Longhorns suffer their first loss in the Big 12 title game as Ndamukong Suh dominates and Rodriguez's Nebraska offense scores just enough.

Cincinnati, TCU and Boise State all finish 12-0, but one group of voters splits on which of the three is most deserving and a slightly larger group places Texas in the title game on the basis of a superior schedule. Feeling the system is rigged against the Big East, Kelly leaves for Notre Dame. Politicians in Texas and Idaho threaten an investigation into the BCS, but the Texans quiet down when they realize the system worked in favor of their wealthiest school.

With a month to prepare, Texas defensive coordinator Chizik draws up a plan that slows Kelly's FSU offense. Unfortunately, Florida State's athletic defense bottles up Colt McCoy, and the Seminoles give Bowden his third national title. After the title, the real drama begins in Tallahassee. Bowden is supposed to retire after winning the title and hand the program to Kelly, but Bowden decides he has no desire to quit while on top. Seething, Kelly begins searching for a new job. He doesn't lack for suitors, but he has competition.

Athletic directors still haven't forgotten the magic Meyer worked at Utah, and he receives offers to coach in 2010, but he decides to take a year off and work for ESPN. Pete Carroll jumps ship at USC ahead of whatever sanctions the NCAA's Committee on Infractions can drop on the Trojans. USC officials strongly consider Kiffin, who had a good first year at Auburn, but ultimately they decide to hire Kelly, whom they feel has an offense that will revolutionize the game.

Cam Newton would always have ended up at Auburn, but in the alternate timeline he'd have started at Oklahoma.

Photo: Icon SMI :: Illustration: SI

Newton has spent a year at a Texas junior college trying to rehabilitate his image. He could enter the NFL draft based on his performance at Oklahoma, but he worries a year in the JUCO ranks has hurt his draft status. After a second spin through the recruiting process, Newton signs with Auburn. The Tigers are immediately installed as the preseason No. 1 team. With Tebow gone at Alabama and Kiffin riding a recruiting hot streak, the Tigers seem unstoppable.

After the Big Ten decides to explore expansion, realignment dominates the spring and summer of 2010. Nebraska officials consider leaving the Big 12 but ultimately decide to remain to bask in the glow of a conference title. The Big Ten instead scoops up Missouri. Texas officials, tired of fighting with the Cornhuskers, decide to entertain another offer. Texas, Texas Tech, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State, Texas A&M and Colorado accept Commissioner Larry Scott's invitation to join the Pac-10.

With the landscape shifting rapidly, Delany and Slive realize their leagues must also grow. Slive talks Texas A&M out of the Pac-10 and into the SEC. The Pac-10 replaces Texas A&M with Utah. Sensing weakness in the ACC, the SEC also grabs Florida State, Miami and Virginia Tech. The Big Ten then takes Nebraska, North Carolina, Virginia and Georgia Tech from the ACC. Three conferences (the Big Ten, the Pac-16 and the SEC) rule college athletics. The remaining Big East football schools and ACC schools merge, also adding Kansas, Kansas State and TCU to form a middle class between the haves and the have-nots.

Back on the field, the old conference alignments exist for one more season. In Palo Alto, Andrew Luck enters his second season as Stanford's starting quarterback. Luck and Cardinal coach Jim Harbaugh know this is their year to win the Pac-10 before the Longhorns and Sooners arrive. The Cardinal do just that, crushing everyone in their path. On the other side of the country, Kiffin's Auburn team is doing the same thanks to Newton. After Ohio State loses at Wisconsin, everyone else is playing for BCS bowls, because the title game is out of the question. Still, the also-ran bowls aren't without controversy. LSU coach Petrino complains to anyone who will listen because Ohio State had five players' suspensions moved to the 2011 season and allowed them to play in the Buckeyes' Sugar Bowl win against Petrino's Tigers.

The narrative heading into the BCS title game is pure good versus evil. Wiseguys in the press box take bets on whether Harbaugh will punch Kiffin in the face at midfield. In the end, Kirkpatrick intercepts Luck and returns it for a touchdown to seal the national title for the Tigers. Harbaugh's and Kiffin's postgame handshake is described in written accounts of the game as "brief" or "terse." Shortly after, Harbaugh takes the San Francisco 49ers job. Stanford hires Meyer. In a news conference, Cardinal athletic director Bob Bowlsby assures fans Meyer will not struggle at Stanford the way he did at Notre Dame.

With the best programs consolidated into three conferences beginning in the 2011 season, the BCS has outlived its usefulness. Led by the Pac-16's Scott, the leaders of college sports huddle in the offseason and hammer out an agreement to stage an eight-team playoff that will bring in an estimated $1 billion in television revenue each year. The champions of the three major conferences receive automatic bids to the playoff, and a selection committee made up of respected former coaches will choose the other five teams.

With Kelly's USC team ineligible for the title because of NCAA sanctions, Meyer's Cardinal lose the Pac-16 title game to Oklahoma State. Petrino's Tigers beat Saban's Gators to win the SEC title, and Russell Wilson leads Wisconsin past Miles and the Wolverines in the Big Ten title game. When the bracket is announced the following day and Stanford and Florida make the playoff as at-larges and Michigan doesn't, Miles delivers an impassioned speech on ESPN that will be studied by linguists for decades. His message? Who really knows? But he uses the word "chest" 57 times in seven minutes.

After Florida beats Oklahoma State and LSU beats Wisconsin in the Final Four, fans of the old bowl system grouse about the matchup. The national title game -- held at Jerry Jones' Football Emporium and House of Chicken and Waffles in Arlington, Texas -- isn't only a rematch of the SEC title game. It's also a rematch of a regular season game between cross-divisional rivals Florida and LSU. The new system hasn't only produced a rematch. It has produced a re-rematch.

The game still draws a respectable rating as Florida's Richardson explodes for 150 rushing yards and LSU quarterback Tyler Wilson picks apart the Gators for 432 passing yards -- capped by a 32-yard strike to Reuben Randle with 14 seconds remaining to seal the win. Petrino holds the Waterford Crystal football aloft as confetti falls.

A few months later, the East Baton Rouge Sherriff's Department receives a report of a motorcycle crash on a rural road. The information isn't entirely clear. Did the motorcycle have one passenger or two?

Some things never change -- no matter how many yards Chris Leak gains on that play.

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Evidence of impending tipping point for Earth

ScienceDaily (June 6, 2012) ? A group of scientists from around the world is warning that population growth, widespread destruction of natural ecosystems, and climate change may be driving Earth toward an irreversible change in the biosphere, a planet-wide tipping point that would have destructive consequences absent adequate preparation and mitigation.

"It really will be a new world, biologically, at that point," warns Anthony Barnosky, professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and lead author of a review paper appearing in the June 7 issue of the journal Nature. "The data suggests that there will be a reduction in biodiversity and severe impacts on much of what we depend on to sustain our quality of life, including, for example, fisheries, agriculture, forest products and clean water. This could happen within just a few generations."

The Nature paper, in which the scientists compare the biological impact of past incidents of global change with processes under way today and assess evidence for what the future holds, appears in an issue devoted to the environment in advance of the June 20-22 United Nations Rio+20 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The result of such a major shift in the biosphere would be mixed, Barnosky noted, with some plant and animal species disappearing, new mixes of remaining species, and major disruptions in terms of which agricultural crops can grow where.

The paper by 22 internationally known scientists describes an urgent need for better predictive models that are based on a detailed understanding of how the biosphere reacted in the distant past to rapidly changing conditions, including climate and human population growth. In a related development, ground-breaking research to develop the reliable, detailed biological forecasts the paper is calling for is now underway at UC Berkeley. The endeavor, The Berkeley Initiative in Global Change Biology, or BiGCB, is a massive undertaking involving more than 100 UC Berkeley scientists from an extraordinary range of disciplines that already has received funding: a $2.5 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and a $1.5 million grant from the Keck Foundation. The paper by Barnosky and others emerged from the first conference convened under the BiGCB's auspices.

"One key goal of the BiGCB is to understand how plants and animals responded to major shifts in the atmosphere, oceans, and climate in the past, so that scientists can improve their forecasts and policy makers can take the steps necessary to either mitigate or adapt to changes that may be inevitable," Barnosky said. "Better predictive models will lead to better decisions in terms of protecting the natural resources future generations will rely on for quality of life and prosperity." Climate change could also lead to global political instability, according to a U.S. Department of Defense study referred to in the Nature paper.

"UC Berkeley is uniquely positioned to conduct this sort of complex, multi-disciplinary research," said Graham Fleming, UC Berkeley's vice chancellor for research. "Our world-class museums hold a treasure trove of biological specimens dating back many millennia that tell the story of how our planet has reacted to climate change in the past. That, combined with new technologies and data mining methods used by our distinguished faculty in a broad array of disciplines, will help us decipher the clues to the puzzle of how the biosphere will change as the result of the continued expansion of human activity on our planet."

One BiGCB project launched last month, with UC Berkeley scientists drilling into Northern California's Clear Lake, one of the oldest lakes in the world with sediments dating back more than 120,000 years, to determine how past changes in California's climate impacted local plant and animal populations.

City of Berkeley Mayor Tom Bates, chair of the Bay Area Joint Policy Committee, said the BiGCB "is providing the type of research that policy makers urgently need as we work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prepare the Bay region to adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change. To take meaningful actions to protect our region, we first need to understand the serious global and local changes that threaten our natural resources and biodiversity."

"The Bay Area's natural systems, which we often take for granted, are absolutely critical to the health and well-being of our people, our economy and the Bay Area's quality of life," added Bates.

How close is a global tipping point?

The authors of the Nature review -- biologists, ecologists, complex-systems theoreticians, geologists and paleontologists from the United States, Canada, South America and Europe -- argue that, although many warning signs are emerging, no one knows how close Earth is to a global tipping point, or if it is inevitable. The scientists urge focused research to identify early warning signs of a global transition and an acceleration of efforts to address the root causes.

"We really do have to be thinking about these global scale tipping points, because even the parts of Earth we are not messing with directly could be prone to some very major changes," Barnosky said. "And the root cause, ultimately, is human population growth and how many resources each one of us uses."

Coauthor Elizabeth Hadly from Stanford University said "we may already be past these tipping points in particular regions of the world. I just returned from a trip to the high Himalayas in Nepal, where I witnessed families fighting each other with machetes for wood -- wood that they would burn to cook their food in one evening. In places where governments are lacking basic infrastructure, people fend for themselves, and biodiversity suffers. We desperately need global leadership for planet Earth."

The authors note that studies of small-scale ecosystems show that once 50-90 percent of an area has been altered, the entire ecosystem tips irreversibly into a state far different from the original, in terms of the mix of plant and animal species and their interactions. This situation typically is accompanied by species extinctions and a loss of biodiversity.

Currently, to support a population of 7 billion people, about 43 percent of Earth's land surface has been converted to agricultural or urban use, with roads cutting through much of the remainder. The population is expected to rise to 9 billion by 2045; at that rate, current trends suggest that half Earth's land surface will be disturbed by 2025. To Barnosky, this is disturbingly close to a global tipping point.

"Can it really happen? Looking into the past tells us unequivocally that, yes, it can really happen. It has happened. The last glacial/interglacial transition 11,700 years ago was an example of that," he said, noting that animal diversity still has not recovered from extinctions during that time. "I think that if we want to avoid the most unpleasant surprises, we want to stay away from that 50 percent mark."

Global change biology

The paper emerged from a conference held at UC Berkeley in 2010 to discuss the idea of a global tipping point, and how to recognize and avoid it.

Following that meeting, 22 of the attendees summarized available evidence of past global state-shifts, the current state of threats to the global environment, and what happened after past tipping points.

They concluded that there is an urgent need for global cooperation to reduce world population growth and per-capita resource use, replace fossil fuels with sustainable sources, develop more efficient food production and distribution without taking over more land, and better manage the land and ocean areas not already dominated by humans as reservoirs of biodiversity and ecosystem services.

"Ideally, we want to be able to predict what could be detrimental biological change in time to steer the boat to where we don't get to those points," Barnosky said. "My underlying philosophy is that we want to keep Earth, our life support system, at least as healthy as it is today, in terms of supporting humanity, and forecast when we are going in directions that would reduce our quality of life so that we can avoid that."

"My view is that humanity is at a crossroads now, where we have to make an active choice," Barnosky said. "One choice is to acknowledge these issues and potential consequences and try to guide the future (in a way we want to). The other choice is just to throw up our hands and say, 'Let's just go on as usual and see what happens.' My guess is, if we take that latter choice, yes, humanity is going to survive, but we are going to see some effects that will seriously degrade the quality of life for our children and grandchildren."

The work was supported by UC Berkeley's Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - Berkeley. The original article was written by Robert Sanders.

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  1. Anthony D. Barnosky, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Jordi Bascompte, Eric L. Berlow, James H. Brown, Mikael Fortelius, Wayne M. Getz, John Harte, Alan Hastings, Pablo A. Marquet, Neo D. Martinez, Arne Mooers, Peter Roopnarine, Geerat Vermeij, John W. Williams, Rosemary Gillespie, Justin Kitzes, Charles Marshall, Nicholas Matzke, David P. Mindell, Eloy Revilla, Adam B. Smith. Approaching a state shift in Earth?s biosphere. Nature, 2012; 486 (7401): 52 DOI: 10.1038/nature11018

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Thursday, June 7, 2012

Study: Hormone pill slows prostate cancer's growth

This undated image provided by Johnson & Johnson shows the drug Zytiga. The hormone-blocking pill approved in 2012 for certain men with advanced prostate cancer now also seems to help a wider group of men who were given it sooner in the course of treating their disease. In a study of nearly 1,100 such men, Zytiga doubled the time patients lived without their cancer getting worse. Study leader Dr. Charles Ryan of the University of California, San Francisco gave the results Saturday, May 2, 2012 at a meeting in Chicago of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. (AP Photo/Johnson & Johnson)

This undated image provided by Johnson & Johnson shows the drug Zytiga. The hormone-blocking pill approved in 2012 for certain men with advanced prostate cancer now also seems to help a wider group of men who were given it sooner in the course of treating their disease. In a study of nearly 1,100 such men, Zytiga doubled the time patients lived without their cancer getting worse. Study leader Dr. Charles Ryan of the University of California, San Francisco gave the results Saturday, May 2, 2012 at a meeting in Chicago of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. (AP Photo/Johnson & Johnson)

(AP) ? A hormone-blocking pill approved last year for some men with advanced prostate cancer now also seems to help a wider group of men who were given it sooner in the course of treating their disease.

In a study of nearly 1,100 such men, Johnson & Johnson's Zytiga doubled the time patients lived without their cancer getting worse.

The drug also seems to be improving survival, but it will take longer follow-up to know for sure. Independent monitors stopped the study once it was clear the drug was helping and let men who had been getting dummy pills to switch to Zytiga. At that point ? after a median treatment time of two years ? 34 percent of men on dummy pills had died versus 27 percent of those taking Zytiga.

"Our hope is that this can become a new option" for up to 30,000 men each year in the United States, said study leader Dr. Charles Ryan of the University of California, San Francisco.

He gave results Saturday at a meeting in Chicago of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men. In the United States alone, more than 240,000 new cases and 28,000 deaths from the disease are expected this year. Many cases don't need treatment because the cancer grows so slowly it isn't a threat. For men who choose treatment when the disease is still confined to the prostate, surgery and radiation are common options.

Once it spreads, though, it often is treated with drugs that curb testosterone. They block about 90 percent of the hormone, "but that remaining 10 percent can still stimulate the cancer and cause death from the disease," Ryan said.

Zytiga blocks virtually all of it ? "it's really complete chemical castration," said another study leader, Duke University's Dr. Daniel George.

The drug won federal approval last year for men with advanced prostate cancer whose disease had worsened despite treatment with standard hormones and chemotherapy. The new study tested it earlier in the course of illness ? in men with advanced prostate cancer who have not yet received chemotherapy.

Researchers gave more than 1,000 patients in the U.S., Canada, Europe and Australia either Zytiga or dummy pills plus a steroid that also is widely used to treat such cases.

When the study was stopped, the median time until cancer worsened in the group getting dummy pills was about eight months. Those on Zytiga were faring much better, so doctors can only estimate the time it is taking for their cancers to worsen ? at least 16 months, Ryan said.

There were more cases of high blood pressure, fluid retention and heart problems among men on Zytiga. Like other hormone-blockers, it can cause hot flashes and sexual problems. And Zytiga is expensive ? $5,500 a month in the United States.

The study was sponsored by the drug's maker, Johnson & Johnson's Janssen division, and some study leaders have financial ties to the company. The company plans to seek approval later this year to sell the drug for men like those in the new study.

Michael Wells, 65, a retired construction worker from Oakville in California's Napa Valley, was diagnosed nearly 12 years ago with prostate cancer that had spread to his bones. Standard hormone and radiation treatments kept it in check for many years, but when it started growing, he enrolled in the study.

Zytiga gave him high blood pressure but other than that, "I have not noticed any difference taking the pills ? I've always had hot flashes" on prostate medicines, he said.

He has now been on Zytiga for nearly three years, and scans show his cancer is in check.

"It's worked for me, and it's still working," Wells said.

___

Marilynn Marchione can be followed at http://twitter.com/MMarchioneAP

Associated Press

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